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上海廢舊發電機回收講解柴油發電機組EPS和UPS的比較

2023-4-11 18:09:49??????點擊：
1 應(ying)(ying)急(ji)柴油發電機組的應(ying)(ying)用
有(you)關電(dian)(dian)氣規程和國家標準(zhun)規定(ding)，一類高層建(jian)筑應按一級負荷供(gong)電(dian)(dian)，必須使用應急柴油發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組。
一級負荷供電的一般為：電視臺、廣播電臺、民用機場(chang)(chang)、火車站、銀行、縣（區(qu)）級以上醫(yi)院(yuan)、市（地區(qu)）及以上氣(qi)象臺、重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)辦公建筑、高等院(yuan)校和科學院(yuan)的重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)實驗(yan)室，大型博(bo)物(wu)館以及計算中(zhong)心等重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)場(chang)(chang)所。
一(yi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)負(fu)荷，要(yao)求(qiu)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統無(wu)論是正常運(yun)行還是發(fa)生(sheng)事故時，都(dou)能(neng)保(bao)證(zheng)其連續供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。因此對一(yi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)負(fu)荷，應由兩個(ge)獨立的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，并(bing)按生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao)和允許停電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)時間，采(cai)(cai)用雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)自(zi)動或手(shou)動切換，或采(cai)(cai)用雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)分組同(tong)時供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)接線，一(yi)般情況下，還應有應急(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)作備用。如果一(yi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)負(fu)荷不(bu)大，則可采(cai)(cai)用蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、自(zi)備發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)等(deng)設備，或者從鄰近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)單(dan)位取得第二個(ge)獨立電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。這里(li)所說的(de)(de)(de)兩個(ge)“獨立電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”，是指(zhi)其中任一(yi)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)生(sheng)故障或停電(dian)(dian)(dian)檢修時，而不(bu)致(zhi)影響另一(yi)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)繼續供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。
應急電源(yuan)的(de)應用范圍(wei)：
（1）消防設施用電(dian)：消防水泵、消防電(dian)梯、防排(pai)煙設施、火(huo)災自動(dong)報警系統、應急照明、電(dian)動(dong)防火(huo)門(men)等。
（2）保安設施用電：防盜信號電源、事故應(ying)急照(zhao)明(ming)、道路照(zhao)明(ming)。
（3）大中(zhong)型電(dian)子計算機(ji)系(xi)統電(dian)源。
（4）高品(pin)質賓館(guan)、重要辦公大樓、商業金融大廈的中(zhong)央控制室及計算機管理系(xi)統。
（5）具有重要政治、經濟意義(yi)的部分(fen)電力和照明用電。
2 常用應急電源
常用的應急電(dian)(dian)(dian)源包括：獨(du)立于(yu)正(zheng)常電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組、供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網絡中有(you)效獨(du)立于(yu)正(zheng)常電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池組。
由于柴(chai)油(you)發電(dian)機(ji)組的(de)容量較大(da)，可(ke)并機(ji)運行且持續供電(dian)時間長(chang)，還可(ke)獨立運行，不(bu)與地區(qu)電(dian)網并列運行，不(bu)受電(dian)網故障的(de)影響，可(ke)靠性較高。尤其對某些(xie)(xie)地區(qu)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)市電(dian)不(bu)是很可(ke)靠的(de)情況下，把柴(chai)油(you)發電(dian)機(ji)作為備(bei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)源(yuan)，既能起到應急電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)，又能通過低壓系統的(de)合理優化，將一些(xie)(xie)平時比較重(zhong)要的(de)負荷(he)在停電(dian)時使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，因(yin)此在工程中得到廣(guang)泛的(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。
但柴(chai)(chai)(chai)油發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推廣也(ye)帶(dai)來諸(zhu)多問題(ti)(ti)：首選是(shi)占用(yong)面積較大，除發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)外，還需考慮控制(zhi)、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、油箱等(deng)附屬設(she)備(bei)間(jian)，對(dui)平面和(he)(he)空間(jian)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)較高(gao)(gao)，加上儲油間(jian)本身(shen)是(shi)一個(ge)火(huo)災(zai)隱患，所以(yi)還需對(dui)其(qi)進行(xing)(xing)防(fang)火(huo)處理(li)。在(zai)城市(shi)用(yong)地日趨(qu)緊張(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)，也(ye)應(ying)考慮其(qi)經(jing)濟(ji)合(he)理(li)性。其(qi)次，柴(chai)(chai)(chai)油發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)帶(dai)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)噪(zao)音、振動、排煙、通(tong)風(feng)、防(fang)潮、防(fang)凍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)(ti)也(ye)很嚴重，這(zhe)和(he)(he)目(mu)前(qian)所倡導(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)保理(li)念也(ye)格格不(bu)入，尤其(qi)是(shi)對(dui)環(huan)保要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)較高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)醫院、商業中心及高(gao)(gao)品質商務(wu)樓更(geng)不(bu)合(he)適。再次，柴(chai)(chai)(chai)油發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)必須(xu)是(shi)在(zai)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)同時(shi)(shi)失(shi)去的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)才(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)啟(qi)(qi)動，嚴禁(jin)和(he)(he)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并列(lie)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)。這(zhe)樣，如果(guo)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)啟(qi)(qi)動信(xin)號取自(zi)10 kV進線(xian)側TV，雖(sui)然能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)滿足(zu)消防(fang)設(she)備(bei)兩路(lu)(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)末端(duan)切換(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，但出現(xian)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)故障(zhang)時(shi)(shi)，由于(yu)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并未失(shi)去，而此時(shi)(shi)柴(chai)(chai)(chai)油發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)也(ye)未能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)啟(qi)(qi)動，這(zhe)樣造成兩路(lu)(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)形同虛設(she)。如果(guo)發(fa)(fa)生火(huo)災(zai)，應(ying)急電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)起到(dao)相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。在(zai)某(mou)些場合(he)，對(dui)允許中斷時(shi)(shi)間(jian)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)較高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)，柴(chai)(chai)(chai)油發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)啟(qi)(qi)動時(shi)(shi)間(jian)一般在(zai)15 s以(yi)內(nei)，柴(chai)(chai)(chai)油發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)應(ying)急電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)是(shi)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)滿足(zu)允許中斷時(shi)(shi)間(jian)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。規程規定(ding)(ding)：在(zai)重要(yao)場所的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)照明電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)轉(zhuan)換(huan)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)規定(ding)(ding)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)超過0.5 s，而備(bei)用(yong)照明在(zai)證券、銀行(xing)(xing)等(deng)場所電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)轉(zhuan)換(huan)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)超過1.5s。故在(zai)這(zhe)種情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)，只能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)采用(yong)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)應(ying)急電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，而發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)只是(shi)為(wei)(wei)了(le)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池投入運(yun)行(xing)(xing)前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過渡期使用(yong)，相(xiang)當于(yu)采用(yong)了(le)兩套(tao)應(ying)急電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)系統，一般不(bu)經(jing)濟(ji)很少(shao)采用(yong)。
采(cai)用蓄電(dian)池作為(wei)應(ying)急電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，主(zhu)要指允許短時(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)中斷的應(ying)急電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)裝置（EPS）和不間斷電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)裝置（UPS）。
蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)一(yi)種能量轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換裝(zhuang)置，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換成化學(xue)能而被貯存在(zai)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時又將化學(xue)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能供負荷(he)工作。蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均為直流，所(suo)以變（配）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源需由(you)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源經(jing)整流獲得(de)。
蓄電(dian)池的基本工作原理為(wei)電(dian)池通過氧化(hua)-還原電(dian)化(hua)學(xue)反應(ying)，將電(dian)池內活性物(wu)質(zhi)的化(hua)學(xue)能(neng)直接轉換為(wei)電(dian)能(neng)的一(yi)種獨(du)立直流電(dian)源。它是由正極、負極、電(dian)解質(zhi)、隔(ge)膜和容器等部分組(zu)成。
電池工作時，負極(ji)活(huo)性物質(zhi)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)電化學氧(yang)化反(fan)應(ying)，釋(shi)放出電子(zi)(zi)，在兩極(ji)間電位(wei)差(cha)的(de)作用(yong)下，電子(zi)(zi)由(you)負極(ji)流(liu)經(jing)外(wai)線路(lu)傳(chuan)遞到正極(ji)。正極(ji)活(huo)性物質(zhi)則接受電子(zi)(zi)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)電化學還原反(fan)應(ying)，同時電解(jie)質(zhi)的(de)離(li)子(zi)(zi)通過(guo)擴散和(he)遷移，在電池內部傳(chuan)輸電流(liu)，從而形(xing)成一個導電回路(lu)，隔膜的(de)作用(yong)是(shi)把正、負極(ji)分隔開，防止發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)短路(lu)現象。電池容器可根(gen)據使用(yong)要求(qiu)做成圓筒形(xing)、長方形(xing)等各種形(xing)狀。
蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)(shi)可以(yi)(yi)再(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)并反復(fu)使用的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，它(ta)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)反應有很(hen)好的(de)可逆性(xing)，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)消耗的(de)活性(xing)物質在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)得以(yi)(yi)恢復(fu)。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)是(shi)(shi)化(hua)學能(neng)轉(zhuan)變為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)過(guo)程，而(er)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)變為(wei)化(hua)學能(neng)的(de)過(guo)程，它(ta)是(shi)(shi)一種化(hua)學能(neng)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)相互轉(zhuan)換的(de)儲(chu)能(neng)裝(zhuang)置。
3 EPS和UPS、柴(chai)油發(fa)電機組的性(xing)能比較
UPS適(shi)合(he)計算機類負載，允(yun)許停電時間為(wei)ms級，EPS特別適(shi)合(he)作為(wei)消防設(she)施用電的應急電源。
在許多場合，采用EPS取代柴(chai)油發電機作(zuo)為應(ying)急(ji)電源是可行的。
4 EPS的應用
EPS既可以采用類同于柴油發電(dian)機的配電(dian)方案(an)，也可對一些應急負荷要(yao)求較高(gao)的場所，在配電(dian)末端設置EPS。
無論L1、L2的(de)正(zheng)常(chang)停(ting)電(dian)或是L1、L2的(de)線路故障，可(ke)通過蓄電(dian)池組直流(liu)儲能放電(dian)，經(jing)過逆變(bian)環(huan)節提供交流(liu)電(dian)源至應急(ji)負(fu)荷，由(you)于整流(liu)環(huan)節的(de)存(cun)在(zai)，因而蓄電(dian)池不會向工作電(dian)源進線側反(fan)饋(kui)，因此(ci)不存(cun)在(zai)像柴油發(fa)電(dian)機由(you)于正(zheng)常(chang)線路故障而不能啟動的(de)情況。
確定EPS電(dian)源(yuan)容量，首先要(yao)使電(dian)源(yuan)容量大(da)于負荷功率，其次要(yao)根據(ju)不同的(de)負載(zai)(zai)類型，對(dui)大(da)容量的(de)電(dian)動機(ji)應考慮(lv)電(dian)壓降對(dui)電(dian)動機(ji)啟(qi)動的(de)影響，或是增加EPS的(de)容量，或是對(dui)電(dian)動機(ji)負載(zai)(zai)采取降壓啟(qi)動等(deng)方(fang)式。
對應急(ji)照(zhao)明，目前(qian)采用較多的(de)是獨立供(gong)電(dian)(dian)式系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，即每(mei)個應急(ji)照(zhao)明燈具自(zi)帶蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)作為備用電(dian)(dian)源。建議采用集中(zhong)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)式系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，在每(mei)層配電(dian)(dian)小室設(she)專用的(de)EPS裝置，用于應急(ji)照(zhao)明的(de)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)，應急(ji)照(zhao)明燈具本身不(bu)帶蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，正常照(zhao)明電(dian)(dian)源故障時，由EPS集中(zhong)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)。
如果采用EPS集中供電式系(xi)統，燈具內(nei)部所有復雜的(de)電子線(xian)路能夠被(bei)省略掉。由(you)于EPS電子部分(fen)(fen)對(dui)整個(ge)系(xi)統的(de)價(jia)格和設備(bei)體積影(ying)響不大，可(ke)以充分(fen)(fen)設置各(ge)種電壓、過電流、抗沖(chong)擊等保護措施，選(xuan)擇較(jiao)好的(de)元(yuan)器件(jian)，使(shi)用壽命(ming)較(jiao)長，平時的(de)維(wei)護成本也能降低很多。
電池(chi)容(rong)量選(xuan)擇多(duo)大才合適(shi)，涉及(ji)到(dao)價格(ge)、體積、維護(hu)等多(duo)種因素，因此不(bu)是備(bei)用(yong)時間越(yue)長越(yue)好，而是根據工(gong)程(cheng)規模、性(xing)質、負荷的重要程(cheng)度(du)、相應(ying)消(xiao)防設備(bei)在火災中的使(shi)用(yong)極限(xian)等情況來確定。
電(dian)氣規程規定：商業樓(lou)、展覽(lan)館(guan)、綜合樓(lou)、一類建(jian)筑的(de)財(cai)貿金(jin)融樓(lou)、圖書館(guan)、書庫、重要的(de)檔案館(guan)、科研樓(lou)、高品質賓館(guan)的(de)火(huo)(huo)災(zai)延(yan)續時(shi)(shi)間(jian)應按3 h計算，其(qi)他(ta)高層可(ke)按2h計算。自動噴水滅(mie)火(huo)(huo)系統可(ke)按火(huo)(huo)災(zai)延(yan)續時(shi)(shi)間(jian)1h計算，排煙機(ji)在(zai)280 ℃時(shi)(shi)能(neng)連續工作時(shi)(shi)間(jian)為30 min，耐火(huo)(huo)電(dian)纜(lan)在(zai)火(huo)(huo)災(zai)連續工作時(shi)(shi)間(jian)為90 min。因此建(jian)議：用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)消防(fang)泵的(de)EPS電(dian)池(chi)(chi)備(bei)(bei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)≥90 min；用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)噴淋泵的(de)EPS電(dian)池(chi)(chi)備(bei)(bei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)≥60 min；用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)排煙風機(ji)的(de)EPS電(dian)池(chi)(chi)備(bei)(bei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)≥30 min；用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)火(huo)(huo)災(zai)疏(shu)散(san)標志的(de)EPS電(dian)池(chi)(chi)備(bei)(bei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)≥20 min；用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)火(huo)(huo)災(zai)備(bei)(bei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)照明電(dian)池(chi)(chi)備(bei)(bei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)≥60 min。
以(yi)上已(yi)考慮了全部失去供電(dian)電(dian)源而同時又發生火災的最(zui)不利情況。
當前在(zai)高層建筑供電(dian)可靠性要求越來越高的(de)情況下(xia)，對環(huan)保要求且趨增(zeng)加(jia)的(de)今天，如果地區電(dian)力網中可靠性較高，柴油發電(dian)機(ji)連續長(chang)時間(jian)工作意義不大，用(yong)EPS取代柴油發電(dian)機(ji)作為應急電(dian)源也不失為一種合適的(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)。